Aim   Our project "Physics of New Quantum Phases in Superclean Materials" has begun since 2005 as a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology). The objective of the project is to create new concepts in low-temperature quantum physics through intensive studies of various "superclean" materials. The superclean materials include helium fluids and solids, alkali atomic gases, ruthenium oxides and organic materials, in which we can create samples with ultra-high purity and quality. Our project is based on recent discoveries by us of novel quantum phases and quantum many-body phenomena at low temperatures. We aim to reveal general concepts behind a wealth of low-temperature phenomena in the superclean materials, and to contribute development of physics and materials science in 21-th century. Research A01: Novel Quantum Fluid Phases by Control of Correlation Aiming at new physical concepts, we study low-temperature quantum phases in two-dimensional superclean fermionic systems such as helium 3, organic materials and transition metal oxides, in which interparticle correlations are precisely controllable by changing density, pressure and isotopes. New Quantum phases in Two Dimensional Helium (Hiroshi Fukuyama) We investigate new quantum phases in two dimensional (2D) helium three (3He) near localization down to ultra-low temperatures and elucidate their microscopic mechanisms through comparisons with various theoretical calculations.Searches for possible superfluidity in 2D 3He and supersolidity in 2D 4He will be also undertaken. Novel quantum phenomena emerging near quantum critical points (Masatoshi Imada) We study gapless quantum-spin-liquid phases, quantum critical phenomena, novel quantum many-body phases, and mechanisms of self-organized structures found near Mott transitions in strongly correlated quantum systems including two-dimensional helium 3. From theoretical and experimental collaborations of different fields, we establish universal concepts for two-dimensional correlated Fermion systems with frustration effects. A02: Low Dimensional Helium and Search for New Quantum Phenomena We realize low-dimensional (1-D and 0-D) quantum fluids and solids by confining helium into nanoporous media. By controlling dimensionality, interaction and disorder, we study and reveal various quantum phenomena. Novel Quantum Many-body Phenomena in Helium Nanostructures (Keiya Shirahama) We create "Strongly correlated Superclean Bose systems" by helium "nanostructures", in which 4He (or hydrogen) is confined in various porous materials. We pursue new quantum phenomena, including quantum phase transition, Bose glass and supersolidity, by performing thermodynamic and mechanical measurements. Quantum Properties in One - Dimensional Bose and Fermi Fluids (Nobuo Wada) We realize one-dimensional (1D) helium quantum fluids by adsorbing helium in nanopores, and pursue novel quantum properties. Our project includes study of 1D superfluid 4He by ultrasound, heat capacity, and NMR techniques, and searches for 1D instability and Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid state in 1D 3He fluids. A03: Bose Superfluids and Quantized Vortices We pioneer new research fields by performing comprehensive and up-to-date studies of topological defects (e.g. quantized vortices) in superclean quantum fluids. Studies of physics of quantized vortices and "new" superfluid turbulence (Makoto Tsubota) Quantized vortices appear as typical topological defects in such quantum coherent systems as superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. We study theoretically and experimentally physics of quantized vortices. One of the main goals is to show that superfluid turbulence comprising a tangle of quantized vortices can be a prototype of turbulence much simpler than conventional classical turbulence. Superfluidity of atomic gases with internal degrees of freedom (Masahito Ueda) Because of the large magnetic moments of alkali Bose-Einstein condensates, it is possible to make a local control of spin textures. We utilize this degree of freedom to investigate magnetic response, vorticity, and quantum mixtures of the rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate both theoretically and experimentally. A04: Anisotropic Superconductivity and Superfluidity We create and study new macroscopic quantum phenomena in superconducting ruthenium oxides and superfluid 3He, in which Cooper pairs possess internal degree of freedom. New Quantum Phenomena in Anisotropic Superconductors (Yoshiteru Maeno) We pursue both experimentally and theoretically the new quantum phenomena specific to anisotropic superconductors, with a particular focus on the superclean ruthenium oxide superconductor, for which accumulating evidence is available in favor of the spin-triplet pairing state. The topics of our investigations include the collective-mode excitations, the control of the vector order parameter by magnetic fields, and novel proximity effects in the normal metal-superconductor hybrid systems realized in the eutectic crystals. Control of Anisotropic Order Parameters in Superfluid Helium 3 (Osamu Ishikawa) We study both experimentally and theoretically the following novel properties of superfluid 3He, a unique p-wave spin-triplet superfluid, by making full use of a rotating nuclear demagnetization refrigerator and NMR methods: novel quantized vortices and textures under rotation, structure of order parameter and vortices in 3He-aerogel systems, intrinsic angular momentum in the A phase. A05: Quantum crystal and ring exchange We study novel quantum magnetic states in solid helium 3 and some exotic magnetic systems, in which ring exchanges play a major role on magnetism, by new experimental techniques and theoretical approaches. Magnetism and crystal control in quantum crystal (Hidehiko Ishimoto) Quest for novel magnetic phases such as magnetization plateau or scalar chiral order in two-dimensional magnetism of solid 3He at ultra-low temperatures. Aiming at new magnetic control of quantum crystal growth by use of NMR imaging, ultra-sound and optical techniques. Novel Magnetic States Induced by Ring Exchange (Tsutomu Momoi) We theoretically investigate novel magnetic states -- induced by ring exchange interaction -- such as quantum spin liquid, a spin nematic phase, and a chiral phase.　 Furthermore, we are aiming at microscopic understanding of anomalous magnetism observed in the localized and fluid phases in two-dimensional 3He systems.